Carbon Steel
Low cost materials with little corrosion resistance. Used in
low temperature and stress applications where the measured
medium protects it from corrosion, oils, petroleum,
tars etc.
Maximum temperature: 530ºC.
Chrome/Moly Steels
High strength steels used in pressure vessels and industrial
boiler plant. Resistant to chloroform, cleaning agents,
food products and carbon disulphide.
Maximum temperature: 600ºC.
304 Stainless Steel
Low cost corrosion resistant material, used extensively in
food, beverage and chemical processing where good corrosion
resistance is required. A low carbon grade, 304L is
available which can be welded without impairing it’s corrosion
resistance.
Maximum temperature: 900ºC.
321 Stainless Steel
Similar properties to 304SS above, except that this grade
is titanium stabilized to prevent intergranular corrosion
when welded.
316 Stainless Steel
Best corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steels
due to the addition of molybdenum, widely used in chemical
processing, offers useful resistance to H2S. As with
304, a low carbon grade, 316L is available for welded applications.
Maximum temperature: 900ºC.
310 Stainless Steel
Heat resistant material, which can be used up to 1150ºC
with useful resistance in sulphur bearing atmospheres.
Corrosion resistance is slightly better than 304SS, but not
as good as 316SS. Can be welded with caution.
446 Stainless Steel
Ferritic stainless steel with excellent resistance to sulphurous
atmospheres at high temperature, however due to its
low strength at high temperature, thermowells made from
this material should be mounted vertically.
Used in heat treatment processes, iron and steel furnaces,
gas production plant and it has some useful resistance to
molten lead. Good corrosion resistance to nitric acid, sulphuric
acid and most alkalis gives it some limited use in
chemical plant.
Maximum temperature: 1150ºC.
Duplex Stainless Steel
These grades combine high strength with excellent corrosion
resistance, especially to chloride stress corrosion
cracking, however a tendency to brittleness limits their
use to approx 300º to 315ºC maximum, sub-zero use is
also restricted to approx 50ºC because of brittleness due
to the ferrite content. Main uses include offshore piping,
chemical tanks, flue gas scrubbers and chimneys.
Super Duplex Stainless Steel
Similar qualities and limitations to duplex grades above.
These grades are widely used to handle seawater and
other brackish waters, marine pumps, oil and gas production
and desalination plants are typical applications.
Inconel® 600
A very widely used nickel-chromium-ion alloy with excellent
high temperature strength and oxidation resistance,
however it is very vulnerable to attack in sulphurous atmospheres
above 500ºC. Good resistance to chlorideion
stress corrosion cracking and nitriding environments.
Used extensively in chemical industries for its strength and
corrosion resistance. Easily welded, can normally be used
without post weld heat treatment.
Maximum temperature: 1212ºC.
Inconel® 625
A nickel-chromium alloy with excellent resistance to pitting
and crevice corrosion, unaffected by radiation embrittlement,
widely used in aerospace applications and in marine
environments. Good weldability, can be used in the
as-welded condition.
Maximum temperature: 1093ºC.
Incoloy® 800
Superior to alloy 600 in sulphur, cyanide salts and neutral
salts. Extensively used in steam/hydrocarbon reforming
plants for pigtail piping, manifolds and waste heat boilers
and in the internal components of secondary reformers.
Widely used in heat treatment equipment and as a heater
sheath material.
Maximum temperature: 1093ºC.
Incoloy® 825
A nickel-iron-chromium alloy with exceptional resistance to
many corrosive environments, it is superior to almost all
metallic materials for handling sulphuric acid and shows
excellent resistance to phosphoric acid. It is widely used
in chemical processing, oil and gas recovery, acid production,
pickling operations, nuclear fuel reprocessing and
handling of radioactive wastes.
Maximum temperature: 540ºC.
Incoloy® MA 956
An iron-chromium-aluminium alloy produced by mechanical
alloying, it features great strength at high temperatures
with excellent resistance to oxidation, carburization, and
hot corrosion. These properties make it especially suitable
for gas-turbine combustion chambers and other aggressive
environments containing sulphur and chloride salts.
Maximum temperature: 1350ºC.
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Monel® 400
Nickel-copper alloy with very good corrosion resistance,commonly used to handle sea water, hydrofluoric acid,
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and most alkalis. Typical
applications include marine fixtures, chemical processing
equipment, gasoline and water tanks, process vessels and
piping and boiler feedwater heaters.
Maximum temperature: 538ºC.
Hastelloy® C276
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with excellent corrosion
resistance, especially in chlorinated environments.
Widely used in chemical plant where it tolerates ferric and
cupric chlorides, solvents, chlorine, formic acid, acetic
acid, brine, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite. Can be easily
welded and maintains its properties in the as-welded
condition.
Maximum temperature: 1093ºC.
Hastelloy® B3
A development of the well-established B2 alloy with improved
thermal stability, fabricability and stress corrosion
cracking resistance. It is the alloy of choice for handling
hydrochloric acid in all concentrations and temperatures;
it also withstands hydrogen chloride, sulphuric, acetic, hydrofluoric
and phosphoric acids.
Maximum temperature: 538ºC, up to 816ºC in reducing or
vacuum environment.
Hastelloy® C22
A nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy with outstanding
resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress
corrosion cracking. It shows exceptional resistance to a
wide range of chemical process environments, such as ferric
and cupric chlorides, chlorine, hot contaminated solutions,
formic and acetic acids and seawater or brine solutions.
The material has superior weldability, and retains its
properties in the as-welded state.
Hastelloy® X
A high temperature alloy with excellent resistance to
oxidizing, reducing and neutral atmospheric conditions,
widely used in aircraft jet engine components. Very good
high temperature strength makes it ideal for furnace applications.
Resistant to stress corrosion cracking in petrochemical
applications.
Maximum Temperature: 1204ºC.
Haynes Alloy 214
Excellent high temperature material, with the highest resistance
to oxidation and carburization of almost any alloy,
it is recommended for temperatures of 950ºC and above,
it shows useful resistance up to 1315ºC but its strength is
severely reduced. Applications include ceramic firing furnace
parts, automotive catalytic converter internals and in
the industrial heating industry furnace flame hoods and
rotary calciners. Has good resistance to chlorine contaminated
environments, which allows its use in hospital waste
incinerators.
Maximum temperature: 1204ºC.
Haynes Alloy 230
Excellent high temperature strength, oxidation resistance
and long term thermal stability. Used in aerospace, chemical
processing and high temperature heating applications.
Recommended for use in nitriding environments.
Maximum temperature: 1149ºC.
Haynes Alloy 556
A multipurpose alloy which offers good resistance to sulphidising,
carburising and chlorine bearing atmospheres.
Common applications include waste incinerators, petroleum
processes where sulphur is present, chloride salt
baths, exhaust gas probes, the alloy is one of very few that
can survive in molten zinc, making it ideal for galvanizing
processes.
Maximum temperature: 1093ºC.
Haynes Alloy HR160
A high temperature alloy with outstanding resistance to
high temperature corrosion, it has excellent resistance to
sulphidation, and chloride attack in both reducing and oxidizing
atmospheres. Its resistance to attack by the products
of combustion of low-grade fuels make it particularly
useful in municipal, industrial, hazardous and nuclear
waste incinerators.
Maximum temperature: 1204ºC.
Titanium
A lightweight material with good strength in the 150º to
470ºC range. Excellent resistance to oxidizing acids such
as nitric or chromic, it is also resistant to inorganic chloride
solutions, chlorinated organic compounds and moist
chlorine gas. Its good resistance to seawater and salt
spray, allows it to be used in off-shore installations. Can
be welded with special precautions to protect from atmospheric
contamination.
Incoloy, Inconel and Monel and are trademarks of INCO Alloys
International Inc.
Hastelloy is a trademark of Haynes International Inc.
British
Rototherm Company Limited,
Kenfig Industrial Estate, Margam,
Port Talbot SA13 2PW
United Kingdom
Telephone:
+44 (0) 1656 740 551
Facsimile: +44 (0) 1656 745 915
E-mail: rototherm@rototherm.co.uk
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Rototherm Company Limited is Registered in Wales: 2570730
